Wait--this is fun?

My teenage babysitter told me about a time when she and her friends wondered how many colors of M&Ms they got in each pack. They opened several packs, counted, and started graphing. Then one of them said, "Wait a minute--why are we doing this? It's just like school!"

Candy experiments make learning fun because they ARE fun!

Pop Rocks

People keep telling us we need to experiment with Pop Rocks. We never have, mostly because we don't get them at Halloween. Well, at my husband's office Christmas party, they were handing out candy to take home as party favors. Guess what we loaded up with? Pop rocks.

Looking forward to seeing what we can do with them!

Sour Jacks

We bought a bag of Sour Jacks on clearance after Halloween and have enjoyed testing them for acid. It wasn't until three weeks later that we actually tested them--they're hardly sour at all! No wonder the bubbles don't last very long.

Helper

Our eighteen-month-old wants to get in on the action of candy experiments. She loves stirring.

Questions

Simple questions can be surprisingly difficult to answer. This week's task has been trying to figure out how to explain "Why does water make sugar sticky?" I looked through at least 20 chemistry textbooks at the library, but "sticky" isn't in the index. (Stereoisomers, stoiciometry, and sucrose, however, all made several appearances.)

Skittles Rainbow

Several people have contacted me to say they would like to do the Density Rainbow at a party or a class presentation, but they can't make all the Skittles dissolve in time. The easiest fix for this problem is to microwave each solution for about 30 seconds and give it a stir; this should dissolve the rest of the candy. If you don't have access to a microwave, try this:

1. Fill five glasses with 3 TBSP water each. Use warm water if you can.
2. Add your Skittles to the water, each color in a different cup. Use

• 20 purple Skittles
• 15 green Skittles
• 10 yellow Skittles
• 5 orange Skittles
• 1 red Skittle

3. As soon as the shell on the red Skittle dissolves, take the Skittle out of the colored water.
4. Check your other solutions to make sure the candy has dissolved. (The ones with the most Skittles will take the longest to dissolve.) If it's time to do the rainbow and one of your solutions isn't ready, start with the next color of the rainbow.
5. Pour your rainbow with the purple on the bottom and the red on the top.

If you need a backup:
The Density Rainbow is tricky, and can be ruined if you pour too fast or if somebody jostles your elbow. In case this happens, prepare a second set of solutions. Since you'll have lots of reds and oranges left over, but not a lot of purple, use the Skittles in reverse order (20 red/15 orange/10 yellow/5 green/1 purple). Pour your rainbow as above.

Chocolate Bloom

Chocolate is made of cocoa butter, cocoa solids, and other ingredients that have been mixed together. Can you take them apart?

(Chocolate after several weeks in a warm car)

What you need:

• Chocolate candy
• Heat

What to do:

1. Heat your chocolate in a sunny windowsill, with a hair dryer, or in a low oven, until it starts to melt.
2. Let it cool overnight or in the refrigerator.
   
3. Repeat these steps until you see light brown spots or streaks. (This may take several heating attempts.)
   

What's happening:
When the chocolate heats and cools, the cocoa butter starts to separate from the rest of the chocolate. This forms the light brown layer.

Acid Test (Soda)

Sour taste is the body's way of identifying acid, so if your candy tastes sour, it contains acid. To test for acid yourself, try this:

What you need:

• Fruit-flavored or sour candy, such as LemonHeads, Nerds, Skittles, StarBurst, or Sweet Tarts
  
• Baking soda
  

What to do:

1. Dissolve the candy in a half-cup of water.
   
2. Sprinkle a spoonful of baking soda into water.
   
3. Watch for bubbles. If it bubbles, the candy is acidic.
   

What's happening:
When you dissolve acidic candy in water and add baking soda, the reaction produces carbon dioxide gas. This is what makes the bubbles.

Acid Test

This experiment was invented by Loralee Leavitt.  Please do not copy, sell, post, publish, or distribute all or any part of this material without my permission. Instead, feel free to link to this website, and to contact me with questions.

Sour taste is the body's way of identifying acid, so if your candy tastes sour, it contains acid.

Pixy Stix acid test:
adding baking soda causes bubbles

To test for acid yourself, try this:

What you need:

• Fruit-flavored or sour candy, such as LemonHeads, Nerds, WARHEADS, or sour gummy candy
• Baking soda

What to do:

1. Dissolve the candy in a small amount of warm water (about a half-cup or less). For hard candy like Smarties, you may want to crush it first to make it dissolve faster.
2. Sprinkle a spoonful of baking soda into water.
3. Watch for bubbles.  If it bubbles, the candy is acidic.

What's happening: 
When you dissolve acidic candy in water and add baking soda, the reaction produces carbon dioxide gas.  This is what makes the bubbles.

For more fun, try testing candy like Skittles, StarBursts, or Sweet Tarts.  Do these candies contain as much acid as really sour candies?


*If the candy is taking too long to dissolve, try crushing it first.  You can also get quick results using Pixy Stix or candy covered by sour powder.

Video results: watch acid tests on Youtube

• Nerds
• Lemonheads
• Pixy Stix
• Air Heads 

Explanation based on author's interview with Walter Bowyer, chemistry professor at Hobart and William Smith Colleges

Chocolate Bloom

Please do not copy, sell, post, publish, or distribute all or any part of this material without the author's permission. Instead, feel free to link to this website, and to contact me with questions.

Chocolate is made of cocoa butter, cocoa solids, and other ingredients that have been mixed together.    Can you take them apart?

Chocolate after several weeks in a warm car

What you need:

• Chocolate candy (dark works better)
• Heat

What to do:

1. Heat your chocolate in a sunny windowsill, with a hair dryer, in a microwave, or in a low oven, until it starts to melt.  (Chocolate melts fast--if it doesn't look melted, poke it to check.)
2. Let it cool overnight or in the refrigerator.
3. Repeat these steps until you see light brown spots or streaks.  (This may take several heating attempts.)

What's happening:
When the chocolate heats and cools, some of the fat pushes out past the solid particles and forms into white crystals.  This causes the light spots and streaks, which are known as chocolate bloom.*


*See Becket, S. T.  The Science of Chocolate, 2nd Edition.  The Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, UK. 2008, pg 103, 109, 116-117

Color Separation (Chromatography)

Please do not copy, sell, post, publish, or distribute all or any part of this material without the author's permission. Instead, feel free to link to this website, and to contact me with questions.

You know candy is colored with artificial dye.  But did you know that many candies contain several kinds of dye?  To see the different dyes for yourself, try this.

M&M chromatography.  Brown has separated into the most colors (right).

What you need:

• A rectangle of coffee filter paper
• Dyed candy such as M&Ms, Skittles, or Reese's Pieces
• A glass filled with a half-inch of water
• A pencil

What to do:

1. Place drops of water on a flat surface, such as a plate, a cookie sheet, or tinfoil.
   
2. Place candy on water and let color dissolve.
3. Crease the coffee filter paper vertically (to help it stand up). 
4. Dab or paint a drop of candy-colored water onto the paper, an inch from the bottom.  If you're testing several colors, label each with pencil.
   
5. Stand the paper up in the glass of water, with the water level below the color splotch.  (If the paper doesn't stand, check here for tips on folding or clipping the paper in place.)
   
6. Watch the water seep up to the top edge of the paper.

What's happening:

When water seeps up the filter paper, it separates the different colors so you can see them.  M&M brown works especially well--the different dyes separate out into a rainbow. 

You can try this experiment with anything that contains dye, including juice, markers, or ballpoint pen (that’s why it’s better to mark your labels with pencil). 

Explanation based on author's interview with Walter Bowyer, chemistry professor at Hobart and William Smith Colleges

Density Rainbow

This experiment was created by Loralee Leavitt. Please do not copy, sell, post, publish, or distribute all or any part of this material without my permission. Instead, feel free to link to this website, and to contact me with questions.

Sugar water is denser than water--the more sugar, the denser. This experiment shows you how to layer different densities into a rainbow of color. Try it with Skittles (advanced) or Nerds (easier).

Pouring a Skittles Density Rainbow. (The entire process took about four minutes.)

Skittles Method
What you need:

• Five small cups for mixing
• A clear glass
• A wide spoon
• Skittles
  
• 2 red
  
• 4 orange
  
• 6 yellow
  
• 8 green
  
• 10 purple

To do:

1. Fill five cups with 2 Tbsp of water each.
2. Dissolve the Skittles, each color in a separate cup. If the candy is not dissolving, stir frequently or heat the water. (The waxy film floating on the surface can be removed or ignored; it won't affect the experiment.)
3. Pour the purple water into the clear glass.
4. Hold the spoon upside-down over the purple water, with the tip of the spoon touching the edge of the bowl above the waterline. Slowly pour the green water down the back of the spoon, so that the green water does not mix in with the purple. Instead, it should float on top.
   
   Alternative method: use a small syringe to make the layers. Suction up the green water, hold the tip of the syringe against the edge of the glass, and gently squeeze the water out to make the layer.)
   
5. Repeat with the other colors, and admire your rainbow.

Nerds Method
Fill four cups each with 1/4 cup warm water. Dissolve 1 teaspoon red Nerds, 2 teaspoons orange Nerds, 3 teaspoons yellow Nerds, and four teaspoons green Nerds (or whatever colors you like). Pour the rainbow as above.

What’s happening:
Since the water with less candy is less dense, it floats on top of the denser layer like oil on water. Unlike oil and water, your sugar water layers will eventually mix together, muddying the color. So admire it while it lasts!

Dissolving Hot/Cold

Please do not copy, sell, post, publish, or distribute all or any part of this material without the author's permission. Instead, feel free to link to this website, and to contact me with questions.

See if candy dissolves faster in hot or cold water.

Red Skittles in hot water dissolve faster 

than orange Skittles in ice water

What you need:

• Identical pieces of candy
• Hot and cold water
• Cups

What to do:

1. Fill one cup with hot tap water and one with cold water (for better results, add ice cubes).
2. Put one candy in the hot cup and one in the cold cup.
3. Watch to see which dissolves faster.

What’s happening:

Because molecules move faster when it’s hot, the candy in hot water dissolves much faster.  The candy in ice water might take all night to dissolve.

With chocolate, the difference is even more impressive.  Since the cocoa butter in chocolate doesn't dissolve in water, chocolate placed in cold water just sits there.  But chocolate in hot water melts and mixes with the water.

Find Hidden Candy

Please do not copy, sell, post, publish, or distribute all or any part of this material without the author's permission. Instead, feel free to link to this website, and to contact me with questions.

This 20 oz. bottle of orange soda contains 84 grams of sugar.  
Drinking the soda would be like eating all the candy on the scale.

Most candy is made from sugar, corn syrup, and flavorings.  These same ingredients are used to sweeten lots of different kinds of foods.
Can you find the "hidden candy" in other food you eat?

What you need:

• Sweet food with ingredient label, such as fruit-flavored drink, soda pop, fruit snacks, or yogurt
• Candy made mostly from sugar, such as mint Life Savers, Altoids, or Smarties
• Kitchen scale

What to do:

1. Check the label to find out how much sugar your sweet food contains.
2. Weigh candy on the kitchen scale until it matches the weight of the sugar.
3. Eating your sweet food would be like eating that much candy.

What you see:
Some snacks are really candy in disguise, such as fruit snacks made of corn syrup, sugar, flavorings, and gelatin--the same ingredients as gummy bears. 

Other popular foods have "hidden candy."  For instance, one fruit-flavored brand of yogurt has 28 grams extra sugar--as much as five mint Life Savers plus four Altoids.

Floating M's and S's

This experiment was invented by Loralee Leavitt. Please do not copy, sell, post, publish, or distribute all or any part of this material without my permission. Instead, feel free to link to this website, and to contact me with questions.

M&Ms and Skittles sink in water--mostly.  To see what floats, try this.

Floating S from dissolved Skittles

What you need:

• Cup of water
• M&Ms or Skittles

What to do:

1. Drop the M&Ms or Skittles in the water, letter side up.
2. After a few minutes, look for floating letters.  (Do not stir the water--you might break the letters.)

What's happening:
The white letters on M&Ms and Skittles are printed with edible ink that doesn't dissolve in water.  When the rest of the candy shell dissolves, the letters peel off and float. Some of the letters break into pieces, but a few should survive intact.

Find a Floating Letters worksheet by Science Gal here!

Livesaver Lights

Can you make Lifesavers flash in the dark?

Breaking Lifesavers makes flashes of light

What you need:

• A dark room with a mirror
• Wintergreen Lifesavers

What to do:

1. Stand in the dark room facing the mirror.  (If you don't have a mirror, get a partner and watch each other.)
2. Chew a Lifesaver with your mouth open.
3. Look for flashes of light.

What's happening:
When you crunch the candy, electrons get ripped off of the sugar molecules. When they recombine with the sugar molecules, these electrons emit light.  The wintergreen oil used for flavoring makes the light more visible.*  

*For more information, see "Lightning In Your Mouth" on the Exploratorium website.  You can also find a complete explanation of this reaction in Sweeting, Linda M, "Light Your Candy,"  Chem Matters, Oct 1990, pp 10-12.

Oil Test

This experiment was invented by Loralee Leavitt. Please do not copy, sell, post, publish, or distribute all or any part of this material without the author's permission. Instead, feel free to link to this website, and to contact me with questions.

If you thought your candy was all sugar, think again.  Many chewy candies also contain oil. 

Waxy oil spots on a melted, cooled Starburst

To see the oil for yourself, try this:

What you need:

• Starburst
• Microwave
• Microwaveable plate

What to do:

1. Unwrap the Starburst and place it on the plate.
2. Microwave the Starburst until it turns liquid and bubbly, about one minute (depending on your microwave).  Watch to make sure you don't heat the candy too long and burn it.  Caution--HOT!
3. As the Starburst cools, look for shiny spots on top.  This is the melted oil. 
4. When it's completely cool, the oil will harden into whitish spots (like wax). Scrape them off and rub them between your fingers to feel the oil.

What's happening:
Starburst candy contains almost 10% hydrogenated palm kernel oil.*  When you microwave it, the oil melts and separates from the sugar.

*See ingredient listings at http://www.marshealthyliving.com/whats-inside

Pop Rocks

Please do not copy, sell, post, publish, or distribute all or any part of this material without the author's permission. Instead, feel free to link to this website, and to contact me with questions.

What's the secret ingredient in Pop Rocks?  To find out, try this:

What you need:

• Pop Rocks
• glass of water

What to do:

1. Dump the Pop Rocks in water.
2. Watch for bubbles.

What's happening:
Like soda pop, Pop Rocks contain bubbles of carbon dioxide gas.*  When the candy dissolves, the gas escapes and forms bubbles.

*See the official POP ROCKS website.

Sink/Float

Please do not copy, sell, post, publish, or distribute all or any part of this material without the author's permission. Instead, feel free to link to this website, and to contact me with questions.

Most candy sinks in water, because sugar is denser than water.  But some candy floats.  Why?

One candy bar floats; one sinks.

What you need:

• Different kinds of candy, such as chocolates, sugar candy, 3 Musketeers bar, Kit Kat bar
• water

What to do:

1. Drop the candy in the water.
2. Watch what happens: does it sink or float?
3. If you have a 3 Musketeers bar, poke it to break the chocolate shell.  Do you see bubbles escaping?

What’s happening:
Some kinds of candy, such as Kit Kats, 3 Musketeers, and marshmallows have air trapped inside.  This makes them float. 

Find a Sink and Float experiment worksheet created by Science Gal at her website here!

Sticky

Please do not copy, sell, post, publish, or distribute all or any part of this material without the author's permission. Instead, feel free to link to this website, and to contact me with questions.

You knew candy was sticky--how sticky can you make it?

Candy car made from Laffy Taffy and Smarties

What you need:

• Several blocks of chewy candy such as Starburst, Taffy, Laffy Taffy
• Small round candies such as Smarties or Sweet Tarts

What to do:

1. Wet and knead each chewy candy until it is pliable.
2. Try to attach round candy wheels. 
3. The candy that builds the best car is the stickiest candy.

What’s happening:

Several factors affect candy stickiness, including how warm it is, how wet it is, and how much oil it contains.